By Pierre ‘PAJ.’ Guertin, Ph.D.It is generally believed that we are unconscious when not being conscious. Although this is not exactly true from a scientific standpoint (see below), the first and main question to that ‘hard problem’ remains: what is consciousness ? In 1637, consciousness – also called soul, mind, or spirit back then – was defined by Descartes as a pivotal command center localized in the pineal gland (a region of the brain) which role is to control and animate the entire body. Although that definition has evolved over the years, contemporary neuroscientists such as Sherrington, Penfield, Eccles, Llinás, and Greenfield have continued to think, based on reasonable scientific evidence, that consciousness is indeed of neurological origin – a brain function not mediated by the pineal gland per se but by several billion neurons across multiple brain areas. As proposed by the Merriam-Webster dictionary, consciousness can simply be defined as the state of being aware of and responsive to one’s surroundings; in contrast, unconsciousness is said to be a state not marked by conscious thought, sensation, or feeling. As far as the ‘unconscious/subconscious mind’ goes, Freud and a few others before him (e.g., Schelling) have postulated that it can influence behaviors (Freud, L’Inconscient, Payot 1915). For healthcare professionals, other considerations prevail – especially in anesthesiology, unconsciousness is medico-technically defined as a condition, assessable with the Glasgow Coma Scale, that is characterized by a complete loss of response to verbal, physical, and ocular reflex stimulation (e.g., question, push or pinch, flashlight, etc.). In other words, someone deeply sleeping, in a coma, under general anesthesia, or suffering of specific mental disorders (i.e., schizophrenia is associated with altered consciousness/unconsciousness) is generally considered as being unconscious. But as mentioned above, many exceptions exist to that apparent duality between consciousness and unconsciousness; in real-life conditions, most of us are occasionally conscious (expressed as peaks, momentarily) but most often unconscious (Guertin, Journal of Consciousness Exploration & Research 2019).
Consciousness is relative and hardly assessable whereas unconsciousness is always present – it is the main control system
Compelling evidence exists that both states of mind can, in fact, be expressed simultaneously. For instance, we may be aware and hence conscious that we are chewing a bite of our favorite hamburger, but simultaneously unaware and therefore unconsciousness of inner body (proprioception) inputs (e.g., posture, muscle tension, breathing frequency, etc.) and/or external, outer body situations (e.g., immediate environment around us, extreme global poverty, the vastness of outer space, etc.). Let’s imagine that, all of a sudden, you start a discussion with someone while eating that famous hamburger, you will most probably lose track also of your chewing activity – it will get automatically driven by involuntary and unconsciously controlled mechanisms localized in the brainstem and spinal cord (Steuer and Guertin, Reviews in Neurosciences 2019).
But, on the other hand, we know a long list of movements and behaviors that are virtually always under complete involuntary/unconscious control (i.e., not necessarily by the ‘unconscious mind’ of Freud but by brainstem-spinal cord networks) – e.g., when walking, chewing, swallowing, or breathing, all underlying muscle contraction and coordination is controlled by complex central pattern generator (CPG) networks and simpler reflex pathways (e.g., monosynaptic reflex, inverse myotonic reflex, etc.) independently of cerebral cortex control (Steuer and Guertin, Reviews in Neurosciences 2019). However, beyond those stereotyped movements and behaviors, it is not unreasonable to think that straightforward and direct observation of other kinds of human behaviors can provide significant insightful details about levels of unconsciousness found in the population.
Signs of extreme unconsciousness levels are found everywhereÂ
There are countless signs of the great unconsciousness existing nowadays in our societies. In my newest book entitled ‘Beyond the Worst in Us’ published on Amazon by KDP Publishing, I illustrates through a heart-pounding novel based on real-life facts and true stories, the extent to which men, in general, are profoundly cruel, mean, violent, and to a large extent, totally insane and unconscious. It describes a total lack of love, compassion, and reasonable behaviors especially by people associated with specific religious organizations, drug cartels, Wall Street, international banks, secret influential societies or by regular people having to cope with severe sufferance, psychological pain, and stress (https://paguertin.wixsite.com/8chancepart1).
Although unconsciousness levels can’t be assessed quantitatively or scientifically by observation, the extremism of some behaviors can surely be interpreted as a reflection of those levels. For instance, isn’t pure unconsciousness expressed when leaders of the Catholic Church have ignored for so many years the role of priests in sexual abuse, rapes, and tortures both physically and psychologically, on young American, Canadian, and European boys in the 60s, 70s, and 80s? Isn’t it a sign of total unconsciousness to produce tons and tons of cocaine, heroin and other hard drugs, knowing the impact on health for millions of individuals worldwide? Aren’t we totally unconscious when letting Wall Street and other stock exchange markets grow from one crash to another; accepting implicitly repeated losses – houses, personal savings, and pension plans – mainly for small Investors? What does it say about us and our societies when we let some international corporations and secret societies working undercover to gain global control over people and governments; when we let pharmaceutical companies putting more money in developing drugs for erections and orgasms than in drugs that could help millions of people with debilitating and chronic diseases; when we let police forces harassing minorities – specifically black people and hispanics in the U.S. – supposedly for public order and security reasons; when we continue massively using charcoals for the production of energy and electricity in countries such as Germany and China; when all signs of global warming exist but we let implicitly carbon production increase year after year? Closer to us, at the individual level, aren’t we totally mad or profoundly unconscious when we pass by a homeless person without even helping or reacting or when we yell at our kids, hit our spouse or husband, or insult our neighbor? Based on these observational evidences, isn’t it intuitive to think that for many of us, levels of unconsciousness are extremely high and consciousness levels particularly low, most of the time?
How can we increase consciousness and/or decrease insane unconscious behaviors?Â
Different approaches, aids, and stimulation can help increasing consciousness while decreasing unconsciousness. Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) and Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) are methods clearly shown clinically to reduce stress and enhance cognitive functions such as attention and memory; the building blocks of consciousness expression (Lao et al., Consciousness and Cognition 2016). Aerobic exercise, particularly 30 days of 15 min-HIIT (high-intensity interval training) workout daily (or at least thrice weekly, Tipane, Medical News Today January 2020), has been reported also to elicit significant effects on those functions presumably via actions upon brain areas postulated to underlie high consciousness expression (e.g., medial prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, amygdala, precuneus cortex, thalamus, anterior insula, hippocampus, hypothalamus, etc)(Goyal et al., JAMA Internal Medicine 2014; Plag et al., Journal of Anxiety Disorders 2020). Nature therapy, widely used in Japan (e.g., walking in the wood), has also been shown to be particularly effective in reducing stress and improving wellbeing (Song et al., Int J Environ Res Public Health 2016). Massagers known to promote muscular relaxation were reported last year to induce benefits on mental wellbeing and consciousness similar to those induced by meditation (Hinterberger & Walter, American Journal of Biomedical Science Research 2020). Anxiety and depression, generally considered to be driven by unconscious factors such as psychological pain, stress, and fear, is also reduced by combination therapies with behavioral or cognitive approaches, aerobic exercise training, and/or meditation (Guertin, Current Trends in Neurology 2020).
One of the greatest keys to unconscious behavior control is to reduce inner psychological fear from the past in order to live peacefully and serenely in the here and now. Cognitive and behavioral therapies assisted by hypnotherapy with or without pharmacological aids (e.g., psychedelics) can help achieving that – reducing fear and stress (Lemercier & Terhune, Journal of Psychopharmacology 2018). All in all, meditation, education, general knowledge, regular physical activity, body stimulation, nature therapy and cognitive/behavioral therapy can altogether contribute to significant changes aimed at improving mental health, keeping unconsciousness levels as low as possible, and increasing conscious behaviors as frequently as we can. Only then, will we be able to hope for global changes worldwide – one person at a time, one second at a time.
Concluding remarks
Although, pure enlightenment or full awareness induced by ‘mindfulness’ techniques or meditation is a state of mind unlikely to be attainable per se either because it is a utopia or, at best, approaches designed primarily to relax and reduce stress (Bertollin-Guillen, Annals Psychiatry Treatment 2019) for ordinary people who can’t afford spending eight hours per day to meditate like Buddhist monks. Nonetheless, we can all start somewhere with at least a few minutes per day at being more conscious of our body (proprioception), feelings, thoughts, emotions, behaviors, reactions as well as of the world surrounding us as it is (i.e., without sugar-coating). Based on a new theory called Relative Consciousness or 3TC Consciousness (Guertin, Current Trends in Neurology 2019), introducing some awareness here and there into typical tasks normally all day long such as walking, driving, cooking, working, listening, talking and eating, is a relatively easy way to get started for people with a busy lifestyle (i.e., known as the ReCAAL approach developed in my laboratory – see articles below and/or BernieChats on YouTube – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eYsr9jEXqOQ&t=4050s).
Over time, you can also try to introduce regular exercise training and nature therapy in your daily routine as well as different meditation techniques (e.g., transcendental meditation, Yoga, Tai-Chi, analytical meditation, etc.) to find out which one works best for you. Eventually, those efforts will pay off – it shall enable lucidity, critical thinking, truth-seeking, joy, calmness, and serenity to be increasingly expressed. Yes, we all can; let’s just do it!
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To read PAJ Guertin’s new books ‘Beyond the Worst in Us’ or ‘8th Chance at Enlightened Living for a Regular Guy’, simply go to Amazon:
https://www.amazon.fr/s?k=paj+guertin&__mk_fr_FR=ÅMÅŽÕÑ&ref=nb_sb_noss
ABOUT THE AUTHOR:
Short Bio:
PAJ Guertin is a Canadian neuroscientist who is professor (department of psychiatry and neurosciences, Laval University), laboratory director (Laval University Medical Center), senior pharmaceutical executive (Neurospinal Therapeutics, Nordic Life Science Pipeline, Biosynergis Group), and author on subject matters such as neurological trauma (e.g., brainstem/spinal cord injury), cardiovascular disease, cancer, drug development, consciousness, and unconsciousness.
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Other Books/Articles Published Recently:
Guertin, P.A. (2020). The benefits of exercise on mental functions, consciousness, and mindfulness. Current Trends in Neurology (in press).
Guertin, P.A. (2019). 3TC consciousness: A novel definition for research in drug development and healthy ageing. Current Trends in Neurology 13: 1-7.
Guertin, P.A. (2019). Medicines to enhance self-consciousness, mindfulness and healthy ageing? Gerontology & Geriatrics Studies; 4(3): 1-3.
Guertin, P.A. (2019). A novel concept introducing the idea of continuously changing levels of consciousness. Journal of Consciousness Exploration & Research. 10(6): 600-606.
Guertin, P.A. (2018). Comparable CNS mechanisms for locomotor rhythm generation and self-consciousness expression . Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Research; 1(2): 3-4.
Guertin, P.A. (2018). Are self-consciousness and mindfulness altered by aging? International Journal of Aging Research; 1Â :24.